Likewise, poets and theorists have explored new computational tools in the past and are likely to do so in the future. However, because computer poetry generation can be considered one of the “key benchmarks of general human intelligence” (Manurung 2003), it has been pursued by various researchers and programmers in the past and is likely to be of continued interest in the future. This is probably due to the cultural and historical divisions between artists, humanists, engineers, and scientists, as well as to the fact that humans are generally good enough at writing expressive poetry that the input of computer programs is not needed. There is no unified community practicing such a poetics. This approach to poetry exposes and innovates relationships between the author, authoring tool, text, means of distribution, and reader. Such production often involves developing new ways for the computer to generate text, with various types of input from a human. There are a number of ways that these technologies can be used to produce poetry. These language technologies include algorithms, computational models, and corpora. To begin to look at graphic scansion, we first must look at a couple of symbols that are used to scan a poem.Just as networked personal computers are encouraging new approaches to poetry that depend on computation (Funkhouser 2008), recent trends in language technology are enabling new types of poetic expression. For a discussion of the others, I refer you to Fussell, page 18. Since the most commonly and most easily used is graphic, we will use it in our discussion. There are three kinds of scansion: the graphic, the musical and the acoustic. This technique is called scansion, and it is important because it puts visual markers onto an otherwise entirely heard phenomenon. To get a bearing on what these rhythms look and sound like, let's start with a method for writing out the rhythms of a poem. The former is the more common adherence to the latter often leads an English language poet toward self-conscious verse, as their predictable rhythms are counter to natural English speech (not that it is impossible to create great verse with this technique, but there is a tendency for it to end up so). For this reason most English language poets opt to look at their own meter as accentual or accentual-syllabic. There may be one, two, or three syllables between accents (or more, but this is a matter of debate). This means that its natural rhythms are not found naturally from syllable to syllable, but rather from one accent to the next. English, being of Germanic origin, is a predominantly accentual language. Of the ways of looking at meter, the most common in English are those that are accentual. Quantitative: Measures the duration of words.Accentual-syllabic: A counting of syllables and accents.Accentual: A counting of accents only per line.Syllabic: A general counting of syllables per line.Fussell defines meter as "what results when the natural rhythmical movements of colloquial speech are heightened, organized, and regulated so that emerges from the relative phonetic haphazard of ordinary utterance." (4-5) To "meter" something, then, is to "measure" it (the word meter itself is derived from the Greek for measure), and there are four common ways to view meter. Although some of Fussell's ideas are a bit outdated (namely, he doesn't deal with the visual elements of a poem), his approach is complete, concise and useful. The bible of most poets today regarding meter and sound is a book by Paul Fussell called Poetic Meter and Poetic Form. The crafting of the aural aspects of a poem is what we may call "ear training." Thus, the crafting of the visual aspects is what we'd call "eye training." Meter A brief exploration of the various aspects of sound that can be utilized when making a poem.
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